JURISDICTION IN CYBER SPACE

BY

S J TUBRAZY (Advocate)

The effectiveness of a judicial system rests on foundation of regulations which define every aspect of a system?s functioning and principally it jurisdiction. A court must have jurisdiction venue and appropriate services of process in order to hear a case and render an effective judgment. Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and determine a case. Without jurisdiction, a court?s judgment is ineffective and impotent. Such jurisdiction is essentially of two types, namely subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction and these two must be conjunctively satisfied for a judgment to take effect. It is the presence of jurisdiction that ensures the power of enforcement to a court and in the absence of such power the verdict of a court is to say the least of little or no use. Moreover only generally accepted principles of jurisdiction would ensure that court abroad also enforce the orders of other judicial bodies.

The world jurisdiction generally carries two legal meanings, firstly, it is used to denote the assumption of authority or power of the court over a legal proceeding, and secondly it means the area over which the authority or power of a court could extend. No authority cab be said to have exercised its jurisdiction if it took for a material fact what was not in law that fact, if it proceeded to at it grave and obvious disregard of a material provision of law, if it exercised a discretion without the existence of the situation in which it could be exercised, if it violated the principles of natural justice when the law had not permitted it to do so, and if it gave reasons for its conclusions which could not, in those circumstances, rationally lead them.

The advent of global computer networks has rendered geographic boundaries increasingly porous and ephemeral. Use of the global Internet computer network is growing exponentially. As Internet subscription increases, just as where any sizable numbers of human beings interact, divergences may be anticipated to arise. As the community of Internet users grows increasingly diverse, and the range of on-line interaction expands, disputes of every kind may be expected to take place. On-line contracts will be breached, on-line torts will be committed, on-line crimes will be committed. Although many of these disputes will be settled informally, others may require prescribed mechanisms for dispute resolution.

The whole trouble with Internet jurisdiction is the presence of multiple parties in various parts of the world who have only a virtual nexus with each other. Then, if one party wants to sue the other, where can he sue? Traditional requirements generally covers two areas- firstly, the place which the’ defendant resides, or secondly, where the cause of action arises. However, in the context of the internet, both these are difficult to establish with any assurance. Even a childishly simple transaction can give rise to a mind-boggling issue of jurisdiction on the Net.

Issues of this nature have contributed to the complete confusion and contradictions that plague judicial decisions in the area of Internet jurisdiction. Considering the lack of physical boundaries on the Internet, is it possible to reach out beyond the court’s geographic boundaries to haul a defendant into its court for conduct in “cyberspace”?

It is worth examining the decision in Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell. Inc as a typical example of a fact-situation involving a conflict over jurisdiction. The case involved a service mark dispute between two corporations, one at Orlando and another at Arizona. The court had to address the issue of whether the mere use of a web-site by the Florida corporation was sufficient to grant the Court, in Orlando, jurisdiction. The Court answered the question in the negative, focusing on traditional analysis established by the US Supreme Court concerning the due process aspects of personal jurisdiction: “it is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” The Court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that by employing a web page, without more, a web publisher was subject to jurisdiction in the plaintiff’s forum. The Court also rejected the plaintiff’s reliance on the “effects test”, holding that the test does not apply with the same force to a corporation as it docs to an individual “because a corporation dues not suffer harm in a particular geographic location in the same sense that an individual does.

The earliest reported decision is Pres-Kap, Inc. v. System One. Direct Access, Inc which involved electronic contacts through a computerized airline reservation system the plaintiff owned and operated a computerized airline reservation system. The computer base for the system, as well as the plaintiff’s main billing office, was in Florida. A branch business office operated out of New York. The defendant, a New York corporation, owned and operated a travel office in New York. The two parties negotiated a lease contract in New York. The breach of which was the subject of the lawsuit. The court found only two contacts between the defendant and the forum stale Florida, namely that the defendant forwarded lease payments to a billing office in Miami, and that the defendant’s computers made electronic contacts with the plaintiff’s computer base in Florida. Citing Burger, King Corp. v. Rudzewich, the court found that a contract with an out-of-state party alone could not establish jurisdiction. That left only the electronic contacts for the court to consider. The Florida Appeals Court held that electronic contacts with a computer database located in the forum state were insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction-Thus, the defendant did not purposefully avail himself of Florida’s jurisdiction, and the first prong of the test failed. In addition, the court warned about the unfairness of allowing jurisdiction where the only contacts are between computers.

For jurisdiction purposes, web sites are split into two groups: passive and interactive. Passive sites provide information in a “read only” format, Interactive sites encourage the browser to enter information identifying the browser and/or providing background on the browser’s interests or buying habits. It is no surprise that courts arc more willing to find that a web publisher who solicits information about the forum’s residents is purposefully availing itself of the forum’s benefits than a publisher who simply provides information about the publisher, its products and services.

In a trademark infringement case similar to Zippo, American Network, Inc. v. Access American/contents Atlanta Inc, a Georgia defendant was hauled into a New York court. A New York plaintiff sued the Georgia defendant for trademark infringement and unfair competition in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York- The plaintiff, a provider of similar consulting services to those provided by the defendant, claimed the mark used by the defendant, ,” infringed the plaintiff’s mark . New York’s long-arm statute includes a provision for jurisdiction over an out of slate tortfeasor when harm is felt within the state if the defendant has reason to expect in stale consequences and the defendant derived substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce. Since the plaintiff’s business was located in New York, and the defendant was aware of such, it was reasonable for the defendant to expect that the publication of the offending mark on the Internet would’ result in harm suffered in New York, The court, looking further to due process, stated that the web page alone would not necessarily have been enough, but that additional contacts with six New York subscribers to the advertised services established purposeful availment. Additionally, the court held that those subscribers evidenced the defendant’s efforts to market his services in New York, making a New York court appearance a reasonable expectation. Since marketing was the basis for the cause of action, the defendant’s on-line actions were found to be directly related to the complaint.

Passive activity is considered a “posting” of information, lacking interaction and is typically an advertisement on the Web. As mentioned earlier, one of the first federal cases deciding whether an advertisement posted on a web site is sufficient to confer jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant was Inset Systems, Inc. v. Instruction Set, Inc, This case was based on a claim of trademark infringement, but it yields a different finding of personal jurisdiction. The alleged infringement involved the Massachusetts defendant’s use of the word “Inset” in its Internet domain name and in a toll-free telephone number. The only contacts the defendant had with Connecticut were its web site and a toll-free telephone number, both of which advertised the defendant’s services. The Court stated that the defendant directed its advertising activities on the Internet and its toll-free number to all states. Held that the defendant was subject to jurisdiction in Connecticut because its advertising activities were purposefully directed to Connecticut. Taken one step further, this would suggest that advertising over the Internet confers jurisdiction in any state or country where it could be accessed. The Court concluded that since the defendant “purposefully directed its advertising activities toward this state on a continuing basis ……” it could reasonably anticipate the possibility of being hauled into court here. To avoid such an untenable result, one should keep in mind the particular facts of the Inset case, namely that jurisdiction was established in Connecticut over a Massachusetts corporation, implying that the reasonableness prong played an important role.

The Compuserve case indicates just how difficult jurisdictional analysis may be when computer networks are at issue. However, no matter how perplexing the determination of minimum contacts has been with regard to a proprietary computer system, its application to Internet activity may prove to be even more arcane. The court in Compuserve v. Patterson properly declined the question of whether the jurisdiction would be proper wherever the defendant’s software happened to land, yet this question is relatively simple in the context of a proprietary system where the subscribers are known to the system owner. By contrast, the Internet is owned by no one, there are no subscription fees, and no reliable records of who is using the network, or of where they may be located. This poses severe problems for a due process analysis based on territorial contacts; anomalous results may be expected because the network’s structural indifference to geographic position is incongruous with the fundamental assumptions underlying the International Shoe test.

Much of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in this area appears to contradict the essential nature of the Net. Where jurisdiction from Internet contacts is at issue, physical presence of the defendant within the forum state will likely be the exception rather than the rule — cybernauts do physically reside somewhere in real space, and if the defendant cybernaut physically resides within the forum, the law seems well settled that its courts can exercise jurisdiction over her. However, given the far-flung nature of the Net, far more defendants will reside outside any given plaintiff’s preferred jurisdiction than will reside within it. A significant number of on-line disputes will therefore require an International Shoe analysis.

Thus, personal jurisdiction over an Internet user will most frequently be premised on the user’s contacts with the forum. Given the nature of on-line transactions, those contacts will in many cases be solely Internet-based contacts. As described above, the “minimum contacts” test requires the tribunal to inquire whether the defendant cybernaut has purposefully availed herself of the benefits of the forum state, such that she might reasonably foresee being haled into court there. In particular, pecuniary gain from the forum is assumed to signal that the defendant has “benefited” in a concrete way from the laws and public services of the forum.

However, one must wonder how reliable an indicator pecuniary gain will be as to minimum contacts via Internet. At the present time, the majority of Internet users probably derive no pecuniary benefit from their on-line activity, yet their on-line activity may still give rise to a variety of legal disputes. Personal communications and discussion groups may be breeding grounds for a wide range of constitutional, contractual, and tort claims, but in the course of conduct that leads to the claim, little money changes hands. This situation is of course already changing; there is money to be made in cyberspace, and entrepreneurs are scrambling to claim their share. Clearly, as on-line commerce grows, many businesses will benefit financially from transactions conducted via the network.

Yet the business activity these on-line vendors conduct will, for the most part, not be directed toward a particular physical jurisdiction. Businesses will frequently be ignorant of a customer’s physical location, and customers equally ignorant of the business. If the transaction results in shipment of physical goods, then this veil of ignorance may be rent; the goods must end up somewhere. But the unique aspect of Internet commerce is that the Net allows not only negotiation and payment on-line, but also delivery of goods if the goods are digitized information products: software, pictures, movies, music, novels, data, and the like. Information-based services such as systems monitoring, education, data processing, or consulting can also be offered wholly on-line. Payment by credit card may reveal the customers’ identity to a business, but not her location, and payment using anonymous “digital cash” is even less traceable.

Personal jurisdiction has been a confusing legal issue since at least the advent of the telecommunication and information technology, and jurisdictional dilemmas have arisen with successive waves of technology. However, in the case of the Internet, such jurisdictional overreaching may threaten the most important features of this new medium. People familiar with the Internet know that one of the network’s great benefits is that the average citizen can participate for a relatively small investment. In the past, communicating with or catering to a national constituency required heavy capital outlays; the Internet makes nationwide communication and commerce accessible to citizens for as little as a few hundred rupees. But the prospect of multi-jurisdictional liability may very well elevate the price of involvement beyond the average citizen’s reach. The average user simply cannot afford the cost of defending multiple suits in multiple jurisdictions.

REFERENCES:

1. ( M.A Khan Vs custodian of E.P PLD 1963 Kar. 551).

2. (Black Law Dictionary).

3. (Christian M. Rieder US. Subject matter jurisdiction for copy right infringements on the internet).

4. (Black law dictionary, 663 (pocket Edn, 1996).

5. Christian M. Rieder U.S. Subject Matter jurisdiction for CopyrishI lafrinyments on the Internet.

6. Blank’s Law Diclioimry, 653 (pocket Edn,, 1996).

7. Oil and National Gas Commission v. Utpal Kumar Basu”, (199)) 4 SCC 711.

8. 1997 US App LEXIS 33971 (9th Cir, December 2. 1997).

9. Hanson v, Denckla, (1958) 357 US 235 (253) 2 L.Ed, Id 1283, 76 S Ct. 1226.

10. 636 So, 2d 1351 (Ha Dist. Ct. App, 1994).

11. 37. (9S5) 471 US 462.

12. Steven jensen, “jurisdiction of the Internet; The Courts and Alternative Solutions”, athttp://www.suffolk.edu/law/hightech/class/cyberlaw/sjensen/paper/.htm.

13. 952 F Supp.1119 (1124) (W.D. Pa. 1997).

14. 937 F. Supp.161. conn. 1996.

15. M. Mitchell Waldrop, Culture Shock on the Networks, 265 SCIENCE 879, 880 (1994).

16. Cynthia L. Counts & C. Amanda Martin, Libel in Cyberspace: A Framework for Addressing Liability and Jurisdictional Issues in this New Frontier, 59 ALB. L. REV. 1083, 1117 (1996).

17. A. Michael Froomkin, Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living with Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases, 15 J. L. & COM. 395 (1996).

18. ED KROL & PAULA FERGUSON, THE WHOLE INTERNET FOR WINDOWS 95 29-31 (1995).

19. Jurisdiction in a World Without Border by Dan L. Burk.

20. A Global Medium in A Territorial World by Nandan Kamath.

21. Law relating to Computers internet & E-commerce by Nandan Kamath.

22. Hand Book of Legal Terms & Phrases by M. Ilyas Khan.

(Author is a lawyer of cyber laws in Pakistan)

s j tubrazy

Author Bio

REFERENCES:

1. ( M.A Khan Vs custodian of E.P PLD 1963 Kar. 551).
2. (Black Law Dictionary).
3. (Christian M. Rieder US. Subject matter jurisdiction for copy right infringements on the internet).
4. (Black law dictionary, 663 (pocket Edn, 1996).
5. Christian M. Rieder U.S. Subject Matter jurisdiction for CopyrishI lafrinyments on the Internet.
6. Blank’s Law Diclioimry, 653 (pocket Edn,, 1996).
7. Oil and National Gas Commission v. Utpal Kumar Basu”, (199)) 4 SCC 711.
8. 1997 US App LEXIS 33971 (9th Cir, December 2. 1997).
9. Hanson v, Denckla, (1958) 357 US 235 (253) 2 L.Ed, Id 1283, 76 S Ct. 1226.
10. 636 So, 2d 1351 (Ha Dist. Ct. App, 1994).
11. 37. (9S5) 471 US 462.
12. Steven jensen, “jurisdiction of the Internet; The Courts and Alternative Solutions”, athttp://www.suffolk.edu/law/hightech/class/cyberlaw/sjensen/paper/.htm.
13. 952 F Supp.1119 (1124) (W.D. Pa. 1997).
14. 937 F. Supp.161. conn. 1996.
15. M. Mitchell Waldrop, Culture Shock on the Networks, 265 SCIENCE 879, 880 (1994).
16. Cynthia L. Counts & C. Amanda Martin, Libel in Cyberspace: A Framework for Addressing Liability and Jurisdictional Issues in this New Frontier, 59 ALB. L. REV. 1083, 1117 (1996).
17. A. Michael Froomkin, Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living with Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases, 15 J. L. & COM. 395 (1996).
18. ED KROL & PAULA FERGUSON, THE WHOLE INTERNET FOR WINDOWS 95 29-31 (1995).
19. Jurisdiction in a World Without Border by Dan L. Burk.
20. A Global Medium in A Territorial World by Nandan Kamath.
21. Law relating to Computers internet & E-commerce by Nandan Kamath.
22. Hand Book of Legal Terms & Phrases by M. Ilyas Khan.

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The guitar is a wonderful instrument. Producing charismatic sound with high quality tunes, it is both a pleasure to learn. Learning it is not difficult. However concentration, practice and application are required if you ever want to become a good musicians.

First, you have to decide if you want to learn from the Internet or through a physical course. There are many good sites online offering you electronic course material with midi files to practice. If you think you have the ability to sit down and have the discipline to control yourself and force your mind into forming a regular habit, then you can take this way out.

Of course, you always have the second option of attending a formal music school, this has its own advantages. You get to meet the teacher face to face and ask your doubts. Moreover, The teacher through a complete set out program will guide help and assist you through the most difficult periods of your guitar learning sessions. He or she will even conduct exercises and contests between many students inspiring you to learn through a qualitative and fun way.

Now that we have decided which course you will be following and how, let us get down to brass tax. On the first day, you will perhaps learn to tune and ready your guitar. Remember, your fingers need to adjust and it might hurt a little at first. After you have learnt to tune, your instrument, you might take up a little reading practice learning and understanding musical notation. The fun part begins now!

Most teachers give you some simple songs after this. You can read and start playing these songs right away! Yes time for impressing everybody with your musical talent.

At this time, it might be beneficial to join a guitar forum. Why not use the great resources provided by the Internet for your purpose? It might just answer those little questions and doubts you might not be willing to ask your instructor. The forum will also tell you about the experiences of other beginners just like you. Which should help in a great way.

Every journey begins with one single step. Now that you have officially started on the road to becoming a great guitarist, do not forget to keep in practice! Remember? “Practice makes a man perfect.” Keep up the determination and interest and who knows you might be the next greatest guitar player!

The guitar is an instrument that anyone and everyone can learn to play with relative ease. Sure you may not be playing like Slash in a week but with some hard work and effort you will be able to thrill the senses of anyone who hears you. Get out there and start making an impact with your music today and to morrow will be that much better.

Sandra Stammberger

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Niche Mania launched by Michalis “BIG Mike” Kotzakolios is a PLR membership site that offers quality Yahoo Adsense ready sites with a different twist. One difference is that Niche Mania offers 500+ highly targeted niche content websites that are strictly limited to a distribution of only 30 per site. The biggest difference is that the members decide which sites they want or do not want.

Unlike other PLR and website memberships, at Niche Mania members determine what fits there individual business needs and do not compete with each other with hundreds or thousands of the same Yahoo Adsense ready sites and content. This difference ensures true value with unique sites and content.

For monetizing the sites integrated into all Niche Mania sites is Google Adsense as well as Yahoo Publisher Network. Yahoo and Adsense are not the only choices offered to members. Amazon and RSS feeds are also integrated into each Niche Mania site. It is the choice of the member which if any of these will be active on a site and where. Niche Mania members are not limited to top quality Niche Mania Yahoo-Adsense ready sites only, Niche Mania Choice offers Xpro Mania Adsense-Yahoo Sites as well specifically for users of XsitePro.

One of the biggest challenges faced by marketers is finding great niche content or producing products we can promote and make money with. It is not hard to spend a couple hundred dollars for a pack of quality ghostwritten articles or a thousand or more to get a quality e-book authored. With this in mind Niche Mania offers it’s members PLR Articles and Graphics Packs, PLR Ebooks and Reports, PLR Scripts and Software, Third Party Products with Discounts and Free products.

PLR, MRR and RR are included with most of these products so that members can can profit with great niche content they can sell as their own. To retain uniqueness distribution again is limited to 30. Monetizing sites for maximum profits is a Niche Mania standard.

Niche Mania excels when it comes to quality and innovative products or services . State of the art tools and resources are plenty and include anti-Click Fraud (Exclusive to Niche Mania), Click Tracking, Domain Research, Keyword Research, Link Cloaking, Link Partner Resources, Geo Targeting and many more.

One of the best tools allows members to upload and configure sites without using any ftp software. Members can the site and upload directly to their host or domain in minutes. A control panel unique to each site makes configuring and managing the Niche Mania content site hassle-free. Technical support if needed is outstanding and prompt.

Niche Mania has a dynamic and active forum where members post questions or answers relating to growing their business. In the forum advanced marketers, including “BigMike”, and those with no experience interact freely to share a wealth of technical, PPC, affiliate and article marketing information.

For those that are not technically inclined or just do not want to spend their time building websites Niche Mania offers easy site creation and maintenance of websites for highly targeted niche markets. It is flush with resources and great niche content needed to research, design, create and put up niche websites with the simple click of a mouse. Members can then test and track website performance with state of the art online analysis and reporting tools. With a Niche Mania Yahoo Adsense ready site everything needed for niche marketing success is in one place for one low price.

Ron Nesbitt

Author Bio

See how with Niche Mania Yahoo Adsense ready sites, PLR reports and Ebooks, software and more you can easily start a profitable niche website empire at http://www.nichemania.onlinebizopps.com.
Get your Free Niche Mania Guest Membership Click Here

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Where on Earth do you start? I think the obvious answer to that is Google, because as Google page 1 accounts for 50% of ALL web traffic for any niche or keyword, then any service who is NOT on page 1 in Google for ‘top seo services’ is obviously not a top seo service. Physician, first heal thyself and all that.

The next step is to further define your selection criteria. We’ve already decided that they need to be on page 1 of Google, but what else? I think there are a number of things you should consider and spend some time thinking about, including:

Experience – Have you ever thought about how many years experience they have? How long have they been active and online? Only those who have been around a while truly know the cycles and what to watch out for and then do when the icebergs next approach (in the shape of a Google shakedown).

Guarantees – What sort of guarantee do they offer? Do they offer any at all? Is it wishy washy? Do they guarantee page 1, even #1 listings on Google? Do you get your money back if they fail? Do they only charge when they succeed? Many will say they can not guarantee because they can not control Google. Without labouring the point, top seo services do not have that worry.

Keyword Research – Do they mention the importance of keyword research? If they just spout off about how many directory links or social bookmarks they will do each month then they and you, will be missing a fundamental point. In fact, probably the most important one of all. Keyword research is a highly important and beneficial way of getting more web traffic and more importantly the right traffic.

Access – Can you get access to the person in charge? Quickly? When things are not happening, you need answers and quick. Is the main ‘man’ available to you at a moment’s notice? Or do you have to wait days for a response from an email or response on a forum.

Pricing – Are they too cheap? Keep in mind you pay for what you get! Buyer beware. There’s a lot of inexperience out there and pricing too low is always a pretty good indicative sign of that inexperience. If they don’t charge enough then it normally means a too heavy reliance on automation or even worse, they will end up not doing what they said they were going to do.

Ultimately, when looking for and then choosing top seo services, don’t be afraid to ask questions and DEMAND results. If they can’t provide sufficient guarantees of those results then I suggest there will be better alternatives out there.

Allen Jesson

Author Bio

Allen Jesson has been online for 11 years and is now sharing many SEO secrets. He specializes in getting Web Traffic. He also offers one of the top SEO services in the world.

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Does my story sound like your story?

I?m a hard worker and I know for a fact that I helped my boss become a millionaire. Like most support personnel, I worked my fingers to the bone for a decent salary, annual bonus, and a 3% contribution to a 401K plan.

And, like many 401Ks across the country, mine went south with the rest of them.

I had nothing!

Not being a quitter, I set out to make sure this situation never happens again. I took my life into my own hands, and I am now the creator of my own destiny.

You can, too. You?re online and reading this with the obvious knowledge, and hopeful intention, of finding how it is that others online make money and survive the ups and downs of the brick and mortar world.

Virtual reality isn?t all roses, either. Without proper training and education in your chosen endeavor, you are almost certainly doomed to repeat history. Only this time, when history repeats, you have only yourself to hold responsible.

Choosing a program online starts with simple research. You see something of interest and the best advise would be to head to two places:

* A domain lookup like www.betterwhois.com

* A major search engine to begin your research.

The domain lookup will give you a partial picture of the program of interest. You may be able to find out who the owner is, when the domain name was purchased, where the hosting of the program resides, and (if they aren?t hiding under a private label), where they are and how to get a hold of them by phone and/or snail mail.

Assuming that all checks out, head to the search engine and start your research. Type in the name of the owner(s) of the program, type in the program itself, check for any listing discussing anything at all about the program. If you head into a forum, do keep in mind there are three types of forum participants:

* Those asking questions

* Those answering questions

* Those that enjoy kicking anything and everything that moves – seems also just for the pure enjoyment of doing it.

Even after all the reading and studying, the ultimate decision to start a new endeavor online resides with you.

Assuming the program costs to join, feel 100% comfortable that you are about to part with cash to join. If you have any shadow of any doubt, look for a way to get into the program perhaps with a trial run. This way you can either enter for free or for a limited cost. Make sure you have full control over the decision to continue or not.

After entering the program, the only thing left is to DO what you just joined. Signing up and never following through – especially after researching and making that difficult decision in the first place – is such a waste of time. Time works both ways… for you and against you.

The inability to take any action can be just as bad as jumping into everything sight unseen.

=======================================

Margaret Dorsey

Author Bio

Margaret Dorsey has over 35 years experience in the legal field. She is an active member in the Forex Trading community. She enjoys helping individuals develop and hone their online trading education and skills. Her firm belief is anyone can be an accomplished self-starter and develop multiple streams of income

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There may be worse cases of acne, but for the sufferer, theirs is always the worst. If your teen suffers from the moodiness and despair brought on by acne, it might be a good idea to allow them to find an acne support group. These days, this would usually be an online forum where teens can post questions about treatment and the likely duration of their acne and get quick answers from one or more specialists in the field.

It could be a chat room where they could make friends with other suffers and find out for sure that they are not only not the only ones to suffer from acne, but that others also feel the same way about it as they do.

Make sure that you find the right one for your child. It doesn?t pay to be casual about chat rooms because you don?t know who is likely to be lurking there, but if you can get in first and check out that the site is of good reputation, it will ease your mind and keep your child safe.

A quick search on Google will bring up many acne sites and most of them seem to have helpful advice, even if it is aimed at eventually selling their product. But if you choose one with .org after the address, you will know that this means it is a non-profit organization, and so they will not be giving advice simply to sell a product.

www.acne-answers.org/ is one such site. You can join up for free to receive their weekly newsletter on controlling the dreaded zit, or can even do an e-course on acne control.

Acne Support Group typed into Google will bring up a registered charity (No. 1026654) where teens, or anyone can email their question about acne and get a sensible reply, either by a cosmetic or beauty consultant who is trained in acne problems.

When finding acne sites, just make sure they are not in another country, because some acne treatments are not available in all countries.

Nicky Pilkington

Author Bio

Find out more about Mental Health at healthandfinesse.com

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Web hosting company offers space to store and retrieve information in servers, which they may or may not own. Web hosting server is typically located in data center that also houses communication equipment needed to connect the server with the world wide web.

Web hosting thus enables your stored information to travel from server via web to any computer across the globe. How do you store information in remote server? When you hire web hosting service, you will first connect your computer with the internet and then dispatch (upload) all your information from your computer hard disc to remote server via web with the help of special program called ‘file transfer protocol’ or FTP.

Not all web hosting providers offer same level of service. When you approach a web hosting company, you are likely to come across many options. Among many web hosting parameters, following are the ones that need close attention.

Disk Space

Similar to storing data locally on your computer’s hard disk, web hosting company will allot space – commonly termed as ‘disk space’ – in web hosting server where you will upload and locate your information for access by all. Ensure that the disk space offered as part of web hosting service is sufficient for your needs.

Bandwidth

Imagine four people trying to pass through a 2-feet wide door at the same time. This is seemingly impossible. The way out will be to either widen your door to 6 feet or make them pass in a queue. This is akin to the concept of bandwidth in web hosting service.

Higher bandwidth in web hosting will certainly allow more amount of visits at any given time. Bear in mind though that if there is unprecedented traffic to your website, the web hosting provider will automatically resort to making queues. In which case those who stand at the back may not reach your website because the time allotted by web hosting server to each request would have expired before their turns come.

Control Panel

At the heart of web hosting service is control panel. Many a time, low-cost web hosting does not include access to control panel. This is not suggested because unless you have access to the control panel of your web hosting, you will not know or control many vital information.

A control panel in web hosting is nothing but a browser-based interface provided as part of web hosting service, whereby you can monitor your website. Notable among what you can do in web hosting control panel are access to log files and analysis, configure email setting if preferred, manage database if in use and monitor FTP user account(s). You will also be able to view spare and used disc space and bandwidth of your web hosting account.

Other Considerations

It is always a good idea to run a random check on credibility and credentials of web hosting provider. For a start, note whether the main frame computer and web hosting server conform to latest market standards in terms of processor speed, server space, data accessibility, server uptime and so on. Second, is your web hosting provider reliable? To check, refer to forum comments and feedbacks left by earlier customers. Do not hesitate to ask questions from web hosting company if you need any specific information.

Finally, consider if the asking price of web hosting service is reasonable. There are many web hosting providers in the market. There is no harm to shop around awhile for good bargains to be had. All things considered, ensure that you get good value for your money while deciding on a web hosting service.

HostingFrenzy.com

Author Bio

Article by Josh – admin@hostingfrenzy.com
Josh is the webmaster of www.hostingfrenzy.com
Visit his site for a comprehensive web hosting directory, articles, tools, and much more.

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Diary of a Madman or a case of Fatal Detraction (?)

“You’re So Vain, You Probably Think This Article Is About You”, and he did…

The above phrase in quotes was the title of an article I wrote as a guest opinion piece about vanity numbers and those who traffic in them, that was published in an electronic retailing trade magazine at http://www.responsemagazine.com/responsemag/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=319435 and distributed to some in the toll free vanity number industry.

Apparently, the title of the article resonated quite strongly for New Yorker Bill Quimby, of TollFreeNumbers.com, a self described consultant of sorts, to those trafficking in, or seeking, toll free vanity numbers. Mr. Quimby, it seems, took the title to heart in a very big way.

In a series of emails, characterized mostly as personally insulting in nature, Mr. Quimby sought to debate me, on an opinion piece no less, by challenging me to respond on his web site, but only under conditions that were not only questionable, but whose purpose was clearly suspect.

The conditions were as follows:

1) I could only respond to the portions of his emails to me that he would allow to appear on his forum, and

2) I was not allowed to recite each of his points in the forum, prior to responding to them specifically,

A curious set of conditions to say the least.

For those with too much time on their hands, the entire exchange between Mr. Quimby and myself can be downloaded http://www.877loanofficer.com/emailexchange.txt , but a sampling of Mr. Quimby’s comments, quoted exactly as they were stated, with comments describing their context, included the likes of…

“And I told you not to go off and get side tracked on any variation of what I posted versus what I wrote because the visitors obviously can’t see that” Mr. Quimby’s response when I stated my preference was to respond on his web site to everything he said in his emails to me, some of which contained sentiments contrary to those he posted on his web site.

“I’ll post something to that effect if you continue to refuse to respond appropriately” Mr. Quimby’s threat to post something that would characterize me as just being upset, if I did not accept his conditions for the form and content of my responses.

“I’m not taking that thread down for anything. In fact I’m going to promote it in my next mailing which goes out monthly to almost 10,000 people because I think it’s an interesting discussion which they would be interested in” Mr. Quimby’s response when he was asked to take down the thread. A demand that was made when it became clear that Mr. Quimby intended to dictate, how and, what portions of his emails to me, I would be able to respond to, on his site.

“There’s way to much hostility in most forums although it might be fun to put up some of these recent emails just to make you look bad” A look into the mind of Bill Quimby demonstrating how he revels in posting negative, denigrating and potentially slanderous comments about those he disagrees with.

“If the majority of people think you’re wrong, it actually proves you’re not only wrong but possibly worse…” More insight into the mind of Mr. Bill Quimby, and what guides him. This may also explain why Mr. Quimby chose to phrase the Poll Question on his site the way he did. The article never said or implied (without qualification) that 888, 877 and 866 were as good as 800, except in certain circumstances as explained at http://www.877loanofficer.com/Bill_Quimby.htm. This may also explain Mr. Quimby’s use of voting polls on his site, but more importantly, his willingness to alter their results as evidenced at the bottom of the page at http://www.877loanofficer.com/QuimbyPoll.jpg to achieve that all important majority opinion.

“OK, go ahead and run away. I posted my response. It’ll be out there for all the world to see for the life of your career. Any time someone searches for your name, this will come up somewhere in the mix” Mr. Quimby’s response when I stated I had no interest in responding to his comments under the conditions he had set. This again not only demonstrates Mr. Quimby’s willingness to post negative, denigrating and potentially slanderous responses about those who disagree with him, or who are unwilling to debate him on terms stacked in his favor, but to also revel in the opportunity to disseminate those statements unchallenged.

“If you do anything else at all in this, I’ll spend the $20 to put up a press release at PRweb which will get onto google and insure that this winds up being in the top 10 Search Results for your name for a long time. I won’t do that if you walk away quietly and call it a day” – Mr. Quimby’s final threat when I said I would respond to his comments in a different forum altogether that was unfettered by his ability to control the form and content of any response to his criticism. This again further demonstrates Mr. Quimby’s predisposed willingness to denigrate and potentially slander those who disagree with him, and then go one step further and actually pay to disseminate those denigrating and potentially slanderous statements over the internet.

“You are an absolute ass hole and you don’t have the guts to do anything because you know it will certainly give you a black eye too, so to speak, that will last for an even longer time” Mr. Quimby’s follow-up comment to his response above when it was stated a response to his comments would occur in a different forum that was unfettered by his ability to control the form and content of any response to his criticism.

“And every time you keep responding and pissing me off I go back and re-edit the forum to make you look even stupider too” Further evidence of Mr. Quimby’s willingness to denigrate and potentially slander those unwilling to allow him to dictate how and what portions of his diatribe they can respond to.

The moral of this story is that not everything on the internet, is as it appears, and that we should all be reminded that there are those willing to go to great lengths to undermine, denigrate and potentially slander others who have a different point of view or opinion, and are simply unwilling to debate them on terms stacked in their favor.

For those who have a professional interest in toll free vanity numbers, please feel free to read my responses to some of Mr. Quimby’s objections to my article at http://www.877loanofficer.com/Bill_Quimby.htm . Please note however that Mr. Quimby’s objections to points in my article at this link have been re-phrased to improve grammar and clarity, and to omit language reflecting personal attacks.

Carlton Roark

877LoanOfficer.com

Carlton Roark

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The first key in understanding copyright law is defining what it is these laws protect. Creative work is defined as being a production based on the thoughts, expressions, or imagination of an individual which developed with a physical existing form.

Simple thoughts held in a persons’ mind are not creative works. However, they make take the form of creative works when developed through writing, art, etc. There is also a form which inhibits creative editing or collecting of work which allows the creative organization of the facts to be copyrighted. This is called a compilation copyright. In some areas it has specific guidelines. In any case, knowing the laws of creativity is beneficial.

The purpose of these copyright laws is to offer the creator exclusive rights and control over who may copy their work or compose variations involving their work. These laws provide these creators with secure protection and initiate penalties for those who violate the creators rights. It also gives the creator the ability to sell or license their work.

Most often, copyright has to do with commerce. Commerce involves the social relations involved in trade or exchange of goods and services. To be enforced it’s logical that creative works should have some commercial value. Which means its not only suitable for a large market but gives quality to the particular market it’s associated with. As an example, brainstorming would not be significant to copyright protection and of course has little or no value to anyone other than the person it developed from. However, what is developed from the brainstorming may be seen by others as valuable.

Something as simple as your opinion can be seen as valuable if it is documented physically and in creative form. While copyright violations aren’t carried over into e-mail and forum postings caution is still needed in places such as USENET and others on the web. These places are huge and considered to be 100 percent publication.

There are some complexities in copyright law which allow certain types of copying without given permission to which it is felt that important social principles would possibly be violated. This is often associated with the concept of review or illustration of a particular point. Most major nations uphold the Berne copyright convention which states that the moment a work is created in a physical form, it’s copyrighted. There is no legal notification necessary and it’s not necessary to register. However, in the event of legal action, registration is often required.

Copyright continues seventy years after its creator is deceased. Copyright is a matter of common decency and respect. Taking something which doesn’t belong to you without permission is theft and considered punishable by law.

Adrian Adams

Author Bio

Article brought to you by your minnesota lawyer.

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Men now prefer playing poker game through video. The reason might not be too far fetch. If you read on you would be able to get a practical reason for this.

Why video poker games:

Slot machines offer incredible odds that are seldom decipher and as such cannot be easily won (that is win big dough), while it is more easy to win in video poker machines. It is designed to give the player the sense of belonging as a poker player. It is also easy to win in lieu of accommodating large sum. Each player can have the mind set of a skilled player rather than that of mere luck.

Here choosing different slot machines are not the focus but choosing the row to play with. This option is not visible in slot machines where when you press the button or pull the lever, you loose control immediately. The main principle however is to win a jackpot, either by getting the appropriate numbers right or certain alignment of symbols correct or getting a royal poker flushes. To engage in this in video poker games you must pick from a number of five hand cards.

Why it is not possible to stop and be back, yet continue exactly where you stopped in a slot machine game it is actually possible in video poker games. In a slot machine the moment you decide to halt, you have to clear the machine for the next person to try. Whereas in video poker you can sit for a round or two; halt and then continue where you stopped.

Due to the fact that you can sit out any round in a video poker even when your card are not any good you have a bigger chance of winning a bigger dough, whether you are playing online games or online based casino games even when is a small machine in a bar or in a regional gas station.

It is also encouraging that the chance of winning big in a video poker than in a slot machine. Statistically, in video poker forum and in other resource articles around the web it is commonly noticed that it is possible hitting big in video poker than video slot machines.

I guess one can be proactive when forming an opinion on which of these afore mentioned games one should be inclined. Mastering the two world have been a good enough tactics especially for those who still love the clinking sound of a slot machine

Yanita

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